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■Bio-mathematics, Statistics and Nano-Technologies: Mosquito Control Strategies

1.6.10 Vaccine ...........................................................

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1.6.11 Challenges and Conclusions .......................................

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1.1

INTRODUCTION

Vector control is one of the most effective and successful strategies and methods for

control of vector-borne diseases (WHO 2008), such as malaria, dengue, west nile, zika, and

so on. Typical methods for mosquito control include source reduction, personal protection,

and prevention through the elimination or limitation of contact opportunities between adult

mosquitos and people, and directly or indirectly killing of larval and adult mosquitos. Many

traditional control methods, for example, space spraying, indoor residual spraying (IRS),

bed nets, and long-last insecticide-treated bed nets (LLIN), are practical and useful for the

control of major vector mosquitos and mosquito-borne diseases, like malaria (WHO 2006,

2019). Due to recent new emerging, resurgent, and outbreak of several mosquito-borne

diseases, and spread and invasion of several species of important vector mosquitos, several

traditional practical control methods and new control techniques have been brought more

attention and developed. In this chapter, we will give an overview of the most practical

control methods and new control techniques for the control of vector mosquitos.

1.2

PERSONAL AND COMMUNITY PROTECTION

Elimination and limitation of the contact opportunity between vector mosquitos and

people, eradication of vector mosquitos, and mass administration of drugs (MAD) or vac-

cination to sensitive people are the three major elements in a successful control program

for mosquito-borne diseases. Traditional personal protection methods, such as wearing

long sleeves, long pants, using bed nets, and insect repellents, are the most practical meth-

ods. The old prevention strategies, such as avoiding outdoor activity during dusk and dawn

when mosquitos are most active, reducing breeding resources by dumping and eliminat-

ing standing water, fixing screening doors and windows are the most simple and effective

methods.

1.2.1

Repellent

Currently, there are numerous commercial insect-repellent products available on the

market (Xue et al. 2015). However, the most effective and reliable repellent products all

included one of the following active ingredients: DEET, Picaridin, para-menthane-3,8-diol

(PMD), and IR 3535 (Barnard & Xue 2004). Botanical resource repellents have received

more attention recently, but only a few products included the active ingredients of lemon-

grass, geranium, coconut, and soy bean oils, which each provide different effective pro-

tection time (Xue et al. 2015). Also, there are many spatial repellent products and de-

vices, such as coils, torches, candles, different bands and patches, Clip-on, ThermaCell,

and so on, on the market for personal and community protection. However, the products

that include the active ingredients of metofluthrin, transfuthion, d-cis/trans allethrin, and